Ukunqongophala kwe-semiconductor kukuchaphazela njani?

Ngenxa yobhubhane, ukunqongophala kunye nemicimbi yokubonelela kuye kwavala phantse lonke ishishini, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwezothutho.Enye imveliso enkulu echaphazelekayo ziisemiconductors, into oyisebenzisayo imini yonke yakho, nokuba awuyiqondi.Ngelixa kulula ukungazihoyi ezi hiccups zeshishini, ukunqongophala kwe-semiconductor kukuchaphazela ngeendlela ezininzi kunokuba unokulindela.

Yintoni i-semiconductor, kwaye yenziwa njani?

IiSemiconductors, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziitshiphusi okanye iimicrochips, zizinto ezincinci zombane ezibamba iibhiliyoni zeetransistors ngaphakathi kwazo.Iitransistors zivumela okanye azivumeli ii-electrons ukuba zidlule kuzo.Iitshiphusi zifumaneka kumawaka eemveliso ezinje ngeefowuni, oomatshini bokuhlamba izitya, izixhobo zonyango, iziphekepheke, kunye neemoto.Zisebenza "njengengqondo" ye-electronics yethu ngokusebenzisa isoftware, ngokukhohlisa idatha, kunye nokulawula imisebenzi.
Ukwenza, itshiphu enye ichitha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintathu isenziwa, igubungela izitepsi ezingaphezu kwewaka, yaye ifuna imizi-mveliso emikhulu, amagumbi angenalo uthuli, oomatshini abaxabisa izigidi zeerandi, intiyi etyhidiweyo neelaser.Le nkqubo iyadika kakhulu kwaye iyabiza.Ngokomzekelo, ukuze ubeke i-silicon kumatshini wokwenza i-chip kwindawo yokuqala, igumbi lokucoca liyafuneka-icoceke kangangokuba i-speck yothuli inokubangela izigidi zeedola zokulahlekelwa ngumgudu.Izityalo zetshiphu ziqhuba i-24/7, kwaye kubiza malunga ne-15 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukwakha umzi-mveliso okwinqanaba lokungena ngenxa yezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo.Ukuphepha ukulahlekelwa yimali, abenzi beetshiphu kufuneka benze ingeniso yeebhiliyoni ezi-3 zeerandi kwisityalo ngasinye.

Igumbi elicocekileyo le-Semiconductor kunye nokukhusela ukukhanya kwe-amber ye-LED.Ikhredithi yeefoto: REUTERS

Kutheni kukho ukunqongophala?

Izinto ezininzi kulo nyaka onesiqingatha zidibene ukuze zibangele oku kunqongophala.Inkqubo entsonkothileyo nebiza imali eninzi yokwenziwa kweetshiphu ngomnye woonobangela abaphambili bokunqongophala.Ngenxa yoko, azikho izityalo ezininzi ezenza iitshiphu ehlabathini, ngoko ke ingxaki kumzi-mveliso omnye ibangela ukuba kubekho i-ripple effect kulo lonke ishishini.
Nangona kunjalo, oyena nobangela mkhulu wokunqongophala unokubalelwa kubhubhani we-COVID-19.Okokuqala, iifektri ezininzi zavalwa ekuqaleni kobhubhane, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izinto eziyimfuneko ekwenzeni i-chip bezingekho kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.Amashishini amaninzi abandakanyekayo kunye neechips ezifana nokuthumela, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuthutha ajongene nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi.Ukongeza, abathengi abaninzi banqwenela izinto ze-elektroniki ngokubhekiselele kumanyathelo okuhlala-ekhaya kunye nokusebenza-ekhaya, okubangela ukuba ii-odolo zifune iitshiphusi.
Ngapha koko, i-COVID ibangele ukuba amazibuko aseAsia avale iinyanga ezimbalwa.Ukusukela ukuba i-90% ye-electronics yehlabathi idlula kwizibuko lase-Yantian lase-China, oku kuvalwa kubangele ingxaki enkulu ekuhanjisweni kwee-electronics kunye neenxalenye ezifunekayo ekwenzeni iitshiphu.

Umphumo woMlilo weRenesas.Ikhredithi yeefoto: BBC
Ukuba yonke imiba enxulumene ne-COVID ibingonelanga, imiba yemozulu eyahlukeneyo ithintele imveliso ngokunjalo.Isityalo saseJapan sase-Renesas, esenza malunga ne-⅓ yeetshiphusi ezisetyenziswa ezimotweni, sonakaliswe kanobom ngumlilo ngoMatshi ka-2021 kwaye ukusebenza akuzange kubuyele esiqhelweni kude kube nguJulayi.Izaqhwithi zasebusika eTexas ekupheleni kuka-2020 zinyanzelise ezinye zezityalo zase-America esele zincinci ukuba zimise imveliso.Okokugqibela, imbalela enzima eTaiwan ekuqaleni kuka-2021, ilizwe eliphambili kwimveliso yeetshiphu, yabangela ukuba imveliso icothe njengoko ukuveliswa kweetshiphu kufuna amanzi amaninzi.

Ukunqongophala kukuchaphazela njani?

Ubuninzi beemveliso zabathengi eziqulethe iitshiphu ze-semiconductor ezisetyenziswa yonke imihla zenza ukuba ubunzima bokunqongophala bucace.Amaxabiso esixhobo anokunyuka kwaye ezinye iimveliso ziya kulibaziseka.Kukho uqikelelo lokuba abavelisi base-US baya kwenza ubuncinane i-1.5 ukuya kwi-5 yezigidi zeemoto ezimbalwa kulo nyaka.Ngokomzekelo, iNissan ibhengeze ukuba iya kwenza i-500,000 yezithuthi ezimbalwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-chip.IGeneral Motors yade yavala okwethutyana zontathu izityalo zayo zaseMntla Melika ekuqaleni kuka-2021, ipaka amawaka ezithuthi ezigqityiweyo ngaphandle kweetshiphusi ezifunekayo.

I-General Motors ivaliwe ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-semiconductor
Ikhredithi yeefoto: GM
Iinkampani zabathengi be-elektroniki zigcine iitshiphusi kwangethuba kulo bhubhani ngenxa yokulumka.Nangona kunjalo, ngoJulayi I-CEO ye-Apple uTim Cook ubhengeze ukuba ukunqongophala kwe-chip kuya kulibazisa ukuveliswa kwe-iPhone kwaye sele kuchaphazele ukuthengiswa kwee-iPads kunye neeMacs.AbakwaSony ngokufanayo bavumile ukuba abanakukwazi ukuqhubeka nemfuno yePS5 entsha.
Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya ezinje ngee microwaves, oomatshini bokuhlamba izitya, kunye noomatshini bokuhlamba sele bekunzima ukuzithenga.Iinkampani ezininzi zezixhobo zasekhaya ezifana ne-Electrolux azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yazo zonke iimveliso zazo.Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya ezinjengeentsimbi zomnyango wevidiyo zisemngciphekweni ngokulinganayo.
Njengoko ixesha leeholide lisondele, kukho isilumkiso sokuba singalindelanga intaphane yeendlela zokhetho ze-elektroniki esiziqhelileyo kwiminyaka eqhelekileyo—izilumkiso “eziphelelweyo” zisenokuxhaphaka.Kukho umnqweno wokucwangcisa kwangaphambili kwaye ungalindelanga uku-odola kunye nokufumana iimveliso ngokukhawuleza.

Liyintoni ikamva lokunqongophala?

Kukho ukukhanya ekupheleni kwetonela kunye nokunqongophala kwe-semiconductor.Okokuqala, ukuvalwa kweefektri ze-COVID-19 kunye nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kuyaqala ukunciphisa.Iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-TSMC kunye ne-Samsung nazo zithembise ngeebhiliyoni zeedola ngokudibeneyo ukutyala imali kwisikhundla sokubonelela kunye nenkuthazo kubavelisi beetshiphu.
Ukuqonda okuphambili kolu nqongophalo kukuba kufuneka kubekho ukuncitshiswa kokuthembela eTaiwan naseSouth Korea.Okwangoku, iMelika yenza kuphela malunga ne-10% yeetshiphusi ezisebenzisayo, ukwandisa iindleko zokuthumela kunye nexesha kunye neechips ezivela phesheya.Ukujongana nalo mbandela, uJoe Biden uthembise ukuxhasa icandelo le-semiconductor ngetyala lenkxaso-mali yetekhnoloji elaziswa ngoJuni elinikezela ngeebhiliyoni zeedola ezingama-52 kwimveliso ye-chip yase-US.I-Intel ichitha i-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiifektri ezimbini ezintsha e-Arizona.Umenzi wesemiconductor yoMkhosi kunye neNdawo i-CAES ilindele ukwandisa abasebenzi bayo kakhulu kulo nyaka uzayo, ngogxininiso lokufumana iitshiphusi kwizityalo zase-US ngokunjalo.
Oku kunqongophala kothuse ishishini kodwa kwalilumkisa nangemiba yexesha elizayo ngokunyuka kwemfuno yezinto ezifuna ii-semiconductors ezininzi ezifana namakhaya ahlakaniphile kunye nezithuthi zombane.Iya kuthobela ngethemba uhlobo lwesilumkiso kushishino lwemveliso yetshiphu, luthintele imiba yexesha elizayo yolu hlobo.
Ukutyhila ngakumbi malunga nokuveliswa kwee-semiconductors, hambisa i-Tomos World Today's “Semiconductors in Space” kwi-SCIGo kunye noDiscovery GO.
Phonononga iLizwe leMveliso, kwaye ufumanise inzululwazi ngasemva kwee-roller coasters, into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokurisayikilisha kwe-elektroniki, kwaye ujonge ikamva lemigodi.