Amaxabiso e-Chip, ngubani ovuyayo ngasese?

Amaxabiso e-chip ayancipha, kwaye iitshiphusi ziyacotha ukuthengisa.Ilizwi elibonakala lingenangqondo liye lakhwazwa ngabantu abaninzi ukususela kwisiqingatha sokuqala salo nyaka.Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2022, ngenxa yemfuno ecothayo kwintengiso ye-elektroniki yabathengi, ishishini le-chip liye langenisa amaza okuthotywa kwamaxabiso.Kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka, icebo liphindaphinda.

Kutshanje, iindaba zeCCTV zinike ingxelo yokuba njengenxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yolawulo lwe-elektroniki, itshiphu ye-STMicroelectronics yenye yezona mveliso zifunwa kakhulu kwi-chip ngo-2021. Yehla ukuya kuma-yuan angama-600, ithontsi elingange-80%.

Ngokuzenzekelayo, ixabiso lenye itshiphu kunyaka ophelileyo laliphindwe kalishumi kulo nyaka.Ixabiso le-chips lifaniswa nelo yehagu, ukunyuka nokuwa.Umahluko phakathi kwexabiso eliphezulu kunye nexabiso eliqhelekileyo langaphambili libaxwa kakhulu.Kubikwa ukuba abeendaba baxele ukuba i-STMicroelectronics chip ye-600 yuan iya kuba nexabiso eliqhelekileyo lamashumi e-yuan ngo-2020.

I-chip fever ibonakala idlulile.Ngaba ilifu eligqume isangqa setekhnoloji kulo nyaka uphelileyo liza kubhanga?NgokukaBloomberg, uninzi lweenkampani ze-chip okwangoku zikholelwa ukuba kuya kubakho utshintsho olukhulu kule marike ishushu ixesha elide elizayo, kwaye abanye bakholelwa ngokungenathemba ukuba ishishini le-semiconductor liza kuzisa elona xesha lokwehla kakhulu kwishumi leminyaka.

Bambalwa abonwabileyo, abambalwa balusizi, kwaye ixabiso le-chip liyenyuka.Ukongeza ekuthuleni koshishino, ndiyoyika ukuba kukho iimarike ezingenakubalwa kwi-carnival.

Chip phantsi, kodwa hayi phantsi ngokupheleleyo?

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eetshiphu akohlulwa kukuhla kokusetyenziswa kwe-elektroniki kwihlabathi.

Inokubonwa kwingxelo yezemali yamva nje ye-TSMC ukuba ishishini le-smartphone, elakhe laxhasa isiqingatha selizwe, ayisengowona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso, kwaye umyinge weli shishini kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke ukwehla.Ukuthunyelwa kwee-smartphones kunye neePC akukhange kube kuhle njengoJanuwari ukusukela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.Ngokwedatha yoPhando lwe-CINNO, kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2022, ukuthunyelwa kwe-smartphone ye-SoC yaseTshayina yayimalunga ne-134 yezigidi, phantsi malunga ne-16.9% unyaka nonyaka.

Ngokubhekiselele kwicala lePC, ngokutsho kwefemu yophando lwemarike iMercury Research, kwikota yesibini yalo nyaka, ukuhanjiswa kweprosesa yekhompyuter yedesktop kwehle kwinqanaba elisezantsi phantse kwiminyaka engama-30, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kweprosesa kuphelele kuye kwafumana ukwehla okukhulu konyaka nonyaka ukusukela oko. 1984. Ukuthengiswa kwe-smartphone yaseMzantsi Korea kwehle i-29.2% ngonyaka-ngonyaka ngoJulayi, ngelixa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweekhomputha kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo zawa nge-21.9%, kwaye ukuthunyelwa kwee-memory chips kwakhokelela ekuhlahleni nge-13.5%.

Imfuno enyukayo iyancipha, i-downstream iyaqhubeka nokusika ii-odolo, kwaye ixabiso liyaphola ngokwendaloNangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi chips ezinamaxabiso ancitshisiweyo azinayo nayiphi na impembelelo ye-generalization ngokunxulumene nalo lonke ishishini le-semiconductor.Ingaba itshiphu yehlile ngenene kwixabiso?Ngaphantsi kweendaba ze "slump", kusekho abavelisi be-bucking trend kunye nokuvakalisa ukunyuka kwexabiso.Ngokomzekelo, i-Intel, i-Qualcomm, i-Meiman Electronics, i-Broadcom, njl.

Ukuthatha i-Intel njengomzekelo, ngokutsho kukaNikkei, i-Intel iye yazisa abathengi ukuba ixabiso leemveliso ze-semiconductor liya kunyuka kwisiqingatha sesibini se-2022. kunye ne-peripheral chips.Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, elona liphantsi likwidijithi enye, kwaye ukwanda okukhulu kunokufikelela kwi-10% ukuya kwi-20%.

Ingaba itshiphu iyenyuka okanye hayi?Kunokuthiwa ixabiso lee-chips ze-electronics zabathengi liye lehla ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuhla kwemfuno, kodwa imfuno ye-MCUs kwezinye iindawo zesicelo, ezifana neemoto kunye nokulawulwa kwemizi-mveliso, kukhokelele kumaxabiso aphezulu ee-chips ezinxulumene nazo.Ukusukela kwasekuqaleni kokuthunyelwa kwefowuni ephathwayo engaqhelekanga, ikamva loshishino lwe-chip libhalwe umdla njengokuthengisa okucothayo, kodwa enyanisweni,ukunqongophala kwetshiphu kwamanye amashishini akukapheli okwangoku.

Ngokukodwa iitshiphusi zemoto, idatha evela kwi-2022 China Nansha International Integrated Circuit Industry Forum ibonisa ukuba iimveliso ze-chip zangoku zinokuhlangabezana kuphela ne-31% yeemfuno zee-automakers ngokomndilili.Idatha enikwe kule nyanga kukuba i-GAC ijongene nokunqongophala kwee-chips ze-33,000 kwikota yesibini.

Ishishini elitsha lamandla lihamba kakuhle, kwaye imfuno yeechips kwixesha elizayo ayifanele ijongelwe phantsi.Kuxelwe ukuba imoto eqhelekileyo kufuneka isebenzise iitshiphusi ezingama-500, kwaye iimoto zamandla amatsha zithwala iitshiphusi ezininzi.Kunyaka ophelileyo, ukuthengiswa kweemoto kwihlabathi jikelele bekumalunga ne-81.05 yezigidi, okuthetha ukuba lonke ishishini leemoto lifuna iitshiphusi ezikwibhiliyoni ezingama-40.5.

Ukongeza, iitshiphusi eziphezulu zisephezulu ngaphezulu kwesibingelelo sentengiso.Kwelinye icala, imfuno yeetshiphusi ezinetekhnoloji yenkqubo ephucukileyo kwikhonkco leshishini elinyukayo alizange lithobe.Kwakuxelwe ngaphambili ukuba iitshiphusi ze-TSMC ze-3nm ziya kuveliswa ngobuninzi ngoSeptemba, kwaye i-Apple iya kuba ngumthengi wokuqala ukusebenzisa iitshiphusi ze-TSMC ze-3nm.

Kuxelwe ukuba kulo nyaka uzayo, kubandakanywa iprosesa entsha ye-A17 kunye neeprosesa ze-M3, i-Apple iya kusebenzisa i-TSMC's 3nm.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho ukunqongophala kwezixhobo eziphezulu ze-semiconductor, kwaye ukuveliswa kwe-3nm kunye ne-2nm iinkqubo eziphambili zijoliswe ukuba zibe phantsi, kwaye kunokubakho i-gap yokubonelela nge-10% ukuya kwi-20% kwi-2024-2025.

Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso linqabile ukuba lehle.Iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zisixelela ukuba iitshiphusi ziwa enye emva kwenye, kwaye eli shishini likude nokuba lilula njengoko libonakala.

Iitshiphusi zabathengi ziyawa?

Elinye icala lafa, kwaye elinye lalinempumelelo.

Iitshiphusi ze-elektroniki zabathengi badlule elona xesha lizukileyo kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo.Ngokuhla kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwe-elektroniki, ekugqibeleni baye bahla esibingelelweni.Okwangoku, iinkampani ezininzi ze-chip zixakekile zitshintsha ishishini labo, ukusuka kubathengi ukuya kwiimoto kunye nobunjineli.I-TSMC idwelise imarike yeemoto njengeprojekthi ephambili kule minyaka imbalwa izayo.Kuxelwe ukuba kwicala lelizwe, ishishini leemoto labadlali basekhaya be-MCU abanje ngeZhaoyi Innovation, iZhongying Electronics, kunye neChina Micro Semiconductor nayo iya icaca ngakumbi.

Ngokukodwa, imveliso ye-MCU yokuqala ye-Zhaoyi yemoto yangena kwinqanaba lokuvavanya isampula yabathengi ngo-Matshi, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifezekise imveliso yobuninzi kulo nyaka;I-Zhongying Electronics isetyenziselwa ubukhulu becala inxalenye yolawulo lwe-MCU, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ikhutshwe phakathi enyakeni.Emva;I-China Microelectronics ibonise ukuzimisela kwayo ukuphuhlisa iitshiphusi zebakala lemoto kwiprospectus yayo.IPO yayo iceba ukunyusa i-729 yezigidi zeeyuan, apho i-yuan eyi-283 yezigidi iya kusetyenziselwa uphando lwe-auto-grade chip kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso.

Oku kuyaqondakala.Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, inqanaba lendawo yekhompyuter yeemoto zasekhaya kunye neetshiphusi zolawulo zingaphantsi kwe-1%, inqanaba lendawo yezivamvo lingaphantsi kwe-4%, kwaye amaxabiso asekhaya ombane we-semiconductors, inkumbulo kunye nonxibelelwano yi-8%, 8%, kwaye 3% ngokulandelelanayo.Ukwenziwa kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha asekhaya kuyenyuka, kwaye yonke i-ecosystem ehlakaniphile, kubandakanywa ukuqhuba ngokuzimela, nayo iya kusebenzisa ii-semiconductors ezininzi kwixesha elizayo.

Kwaye kuya kuba nzima kangakanani ukuqhubeka unamathela kwiitshiphusi zabathengi?

Ngaphambili, kwaxelwa ukuba i-Samsung yanqumamisa okwethutyana ukuthengwa kwazo zonke iiyunithi zoshishino kubandakanya iiphaneli, iifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neetshiphusi zememori, kwaye nabaninzi abavelisi bememori yaseKorea baya kuthatha inyathelo lokuwanciphisa amaxabiso ngaphezulu kwe-5% ngokutshintshiselana ngentengiso.I-Nuvoton Technology, egxile kwi-electronics yabathengi, nayo yabona ukunyuka kwenzuzo ngaphezu kwamaxesha e-5.5 kunyaka odlulileyo, kunye nenzuzo ye-NT $ 7.27 ngesabelo ngasinye.Ngo-Epreli nangoMeyi kulo nyaka, ukusebenza kwaba tyaba, kunye nengeniso yehla nge-2.18% kunye ne-3.04% ngokulandelelanayo.

Omnye unokungacacisi kakhulu, kodwa idatha ye-Wind ibonisa ukuba ukususela ngoMeyi 9, iinkampani ze-semiconductor ze-126 emhlabeni jikelele ziye zabhengeza iingxelo zabo zezemali kwikota yokuqala ye-2022, apho i-16 ifumene ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka kwinzuzo eseleyo okanye nokuba yilahleko.Iitshiphusi zabathengi ziyawa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iimoto kunye nolawulo lwemizi-mveliso ziye zaba yindawo elandelayo yokufuna inzuzo kwimakethi yechip.

Kodwa ngaba ngokwenene izinto zilula njengoko zibonakala?

Ngokukodwa kwabanye abavelisi be-chip basekhaya, ukuhamba ukusuka kwintsimi yomthengi we-elektroniki ukuya kwintsimi yeemoto kungaphezulu kakhulu kunokugqiba ubushushu bemarike.Okokuqala, ii-chips zasekhaya kufuneka zibe nezantsi, kwaye intsimi yokusetyenziswa iqala kuqala, ibalwa kwi-27%.Nokuba ujonge kwihlabathi, imarike yasekhaya ikwayeyona marike inkulu ye-semiconductor.Idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2021, ukuthengiswa kwe-semiconductor kwimarike yelizwe laseTshayina kuya kufikelela kwi-US $ 29.62 yezigidigidi, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-58%.Yeyona marike inkulu yehlabathi ye-semiconductor, ibalelwa kwi-28.9% yeentengiso ze-semiconductor zizonke zehlabathi..

Okwesibini, umzi-mveliso we-chip ngokwawo unemida yenzuzo eninzi kwimimandla yee-smartphones kunye ne-5G.Ukuthatha i-TSMC njengomzekelo,

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-TSMC ku-akhawunti ye-70% yemarike ye-MCU yeemoto, kodwa kwidatha yengeniso ye-2020, igalelo leetshiphusi zeemoto libalelwa kuphela kwi-3.31%.Nge-Q1 2022, i-smartphone ye-TSMC kunye neendawo eziphezulu zekhompyuter ziya kubalelwa kwi-40% kunye ne-41% yengeniso eshiyekileyo, ngokulandelelana, ngelixa i-IoT, i-automotive, i-DCE, kunye nabanye baya kuphendula kuphela kwi-8%, 5%, 3%, kunye ne-3. %, ngokulandelelanayo.

Ibango lincinci, kodwa inzuzo isekhona, kwaye yingxaki.Oku mhlawumbi yeyona nto inzima kakhulu kwimarike ye-semiconductor.

Emva kwe-boom, i-carnival yabathengi?

Xa ixabiso leetshiphusi liguquguquka, abathengi ngabona bonwabileyo.Iifowuni eziphathwayo, iimoto kunye nezixhobo zekhaya ezikrelekrele ziye zaba zezona ndawo zisoloko zilindelwe ngabathengi emva kokuba amaxabiso e-chip ehlile, ngakumbi iiselfowuni.Kungekudala emva kokuba i-avalanche yexabiso le-chip, abanye abantu bamemeza kwiiplatifomu zentlalo ukuba bathenge iifowuni eziphathwayo ukwenza imali kwisiqingatha sesibini salo nyaka.

Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, ixabiso lamandla amatsha, ixabiso leemveliso ze-elektroniki, ixabiso lezinto zombane zasekhaya… njalo njalo zeza enye emva kwenye.Nangona kunjalo, akukho mkhwa ucacileyo malunga nokuba kuya kubakho ukuthotywa kwexabiso elihambelanayo kwikhonkco lemveliso, kodwa ukuthetha ngokungafihlisiyo, eli gagasi lokunciphisa ixabiso le-chip aliyi kubangela ukuhla kwexabiso kwimarike yabathengi.

Makhe siqale sijonge elona candelo lineempembelelo zefowuni eziphathwayo.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abavelisi beefowuni eziphathwayo baye banyusa amaxabiso angayeki.I-low-end ithule, i-high-end i-swaggering, kunye nokwenzeka kokunciphisa ixabiso kwithuba elithile liphantsi kakhulu.Ukongeza, inzuzo enkulu yabavelisi befowuni yasekhaya ayizange ibe phezulu.Ngaphambili, kwiNkomfa yoMthuthukisi weHuawei, uYang Haisong, usekela-mongameli wesebe lesoftware yabathengi beHuawei, wathi inzuzo yabavelisi befowuni yaseTshayina ihlwempuzekileyo, kwaye isabelo semarike yefowuni yasekhaya singaphezulu kwesiqingatha, kodwa malunga ne-10 kuphela.inzuzo.

Ukongeza, iitshiphusi ziwile ngokwenene, kodwa amaxabiso amanye amacandelo awathobekanga kangako, njengezoluvo kunye nezikrini.Iimodeli ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziya zisiba zixhaphakile, kwaye abavelisi beefowuni eziphathwayo banezidingo ezingqongqo ngokwendalo kwikhonkco lokubonelela.Kuxelwe ukuba i-OPPO, i-Xiaomi Yakha yenza ngokwezifiso izinzwa ezikhethekileyo kwi-Sony kunye ne-Samsung.

Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso leefowuni eziphathekayo alinyuki, nto leyo yintsikelelo kubathengi.

Ukujonga amandla amatsha, iichips eziqhelekileyo eziye zawanciphisa amaxabiso ngeli xesha azikho kwintsimi yokwenziwa kweemoto.Ngaphezu koko, kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka, ukunyuka kwexabiso lezangqa zokwenziwa kweemoto zamandla amatsha akuzange kube tyaba, kwaye kuye kwaphakama kwakhona kwaye kwakhona.Izizathu emva kwayo azikho zonke ezibangelwa chips.intlekele.Amaxabiso ezinto ezininzi enyuka, kwaye amaxabiso e-nickel, insimbi, kunye ne-aluminium, kubandakanywa ne-electrodes ephilileyo kunye ne-negative, inyuka kwaye ihla, kwaye iindleko zeebhetri zihlala ziphezulu.Ngokucacileyo, ezi zinto azinakubekwa tyala kwiichips zodwa.

Ewe kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ubone ukugcwala kwe-chip kwisangqa sokwenza imoto.Ukusukela kulo nyaka, amaxabiso ee-chips ze-LED ezikhupha ukukhanya kunye neetships zomqhubi zehle nge-30% -40%, nto leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kudlala indima ethile ekuthinteleni iindleko zemoto ezilandelayo zabanini-moto..

Ukongeza kwii-smartphones, iitshiphusi zabathengi zinempembelelo enkulu kwizixhobo zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile ezinje ngee-air conditioners kunye neefriji.Imfuno ye-MCUs yeempahla ezintathu eziphambili ezimhlophe e-China ayikho phantsi, inyuka ukusuka kwi-570 yezigidi ngo-2017 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-700 yezigidi ngo-2022, apho i-MCU yokukhanya yomoya ibala ngaphezu kwe-60%.

Nangona kunjalo, iitshiphusi ezisetyenziswa kwibala lekhaya elinobulumko ngokwesiseko ziitshiphusi ezinesiphelo esisezantsi ezineenkqubo zokwenziwa ngasemva, ezichasene nediametrically kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa eziphambili ezifana ne-3nm kunye ne-7nm, ezingaphezulu kune-28nm okanye i-45nm.Uyazi, ezi chips aziphezulu kwixabiso leyunithi ngenxa yomxholo wazo ophantsi wobugcisa kunye nesicelo esibanzi.

Kwiinkampani zezixhobo zasekhaya, itekhnoloji ephantsi ithetha ukuba banokufikelela nokuzimela.Kwi-2017, isebe le-microelectronics ye-Gree yasekwa;kwi-2018, i-Konka ibhengeze ukusekwa ngokusemthethweni kwecandelo lobugcisa be-semiconductor;in 2018, Midea ubhengeze ukungena kwayo kwimveliso chip kwaye yasekwa Meiren Semiconductor Inkampani.NgoJanuwari 2021, iMeiken Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd. yasekwa.Okwangoku, ubungakanani bonyaka bemveliso yeetshiphusi ze-MCU malunga nezigidi ezili-10.

Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, iinkampani ezininzi zezixhobo zasekhaya, kuquka i-TCL, i-Konka, i-Skyworth, kunye ne-Haier, sele isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-semiconductor.Ngamanye amazwi, le ntsimi ayithintelwanga ziichips konke konke.

Phantsi, okanye hayi phantsi?Oku kunqunyulwa kwexabiso le-chip kufana nokudutyulwa kobuxoki, kwaye abavelisi abaphezulu abonwabileyo okwangoku, bayeke abathengi.